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evolutionary argument against naturalism
The evolutionary argument against naturalism (EAAN) is a philosophical argument regarding a perceived tension between biological evolutionary theory and philosophical naturalism — the belief that there are no supernatural entities or processes. The argument was proposed by Alvin Plantinga in 1993 and "raises issues of interest to epistemologists, philosophers of mind, evolutionary biologists, and philosophers of religion".〔Beilby(2002) p vii〕 EAAN argues that the combination of evolutionary theory and naturalism is self-defeating on the basis of the claim that if both evolution and naturalism are true, then the probability of having reliable cognitive faculties is low.
==Development of the idea==
The idea that "naturalism" undercuts its own justification was put forward by Arthur Balfour.〔Victor Reppert, C.S. Lewis's Dangerous Idea, In Defense of the Argument from Reason (2003) p 46〕 C. S. Lewis popularised it in the first edition of his book ''Miracles'' in 1947. Similar arguments were advanced by Richard Taylor in ''Metaphysics'',〔Beilby(2002) p ix〕 Stephen Clark,〔〔Arthur Balfour, The Foundations of Belief: Notes Introductory to the Study of Theology, 8th ed. Rev. with a new introduction and summary (1906) pp 279-285〕 Richard Purtill〔〔Richard Purtill, Reasons to Believe (1974) pp 44-46〕 and J. P. Moreland.〔〔J. P. Moreland, "God and the Argument from Mind", in Scaling the Secular City (1978) pp 77-105〕 In 2003 Victor Reppert developed a similar argument in detail in his book ''C.S. Lewis's Dangerous Idea, In Defense of the Argument from Reason''.〔 Contemporary philosophers who have employed a similar argument against physical determinism are James Jordan and William Hasker.〔Victor Reppert, C.S. Lewis's Dangerous Idea, In Defense of the Argument from Reason (2003) pp 204-275〕
Plantinga proposed his "evolutionary argument against naturalism" in 1993.〔 In the twelfth chapter of his book ''Warrant and Proper Function'', Plantinga developed Lewis' idea,〔 and constructed two formal arguments against evolutionary naturalism.〔 He further developed the idea in an unpublished manuscript entitled "Naturalism Defeated" and in his 2000 book ''Warranted Christian Belief'',〔 and expanded the idea in ''Naturalism Defeated?'', a 2002 anthology edited by James Beilby. He also responded to several objections to the argument in his essay "Reply to Beilby's Cohorts" in Beilby's anthology.〔Beilby(2002) p 2〕
In the 2008 publication ''Knowledge of God'' Plantinga presented a formulation of the argument that solely focused on semantic epiphenomenalism instead of the former four jointly exhaustive categories.〔Alvin Plantinga, Michael Tooley, Knowledge of God (2008) pp 31-51〕
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